教會論_73 聖餐(續)

教會論_73 聖餐(續)

教會論_73 聖餐(續)

主講:林慈信牧師_校對:劉加立弟兄_文字:自由的榮耀

關於主餐,或者聖餐,第四個名稱是感恩,或者祝福,或者

祝謝!“Thanksgiving and Blessing Eucharistia, thanksgiving, ”感恩“and eulogia,blessing, ”祝謝!“terms which are derived fromI Cor。 10:16; 11:24。”這些是來自更多前書第十章16節:“我們所祝福的杯”;還有跟哥林多前書十一章24節:“祝謝了就掰開”。

“In Matt。 26:26,27”(馬太福音第二十六章26和27節):“we read that the Lord took the bread and blessed it,”我們讀到,耶穌基督拿起餅祝謝,然後掰開,“and took the cup and gave thanks。”拿起杯來祝謝!“In all probability the two words were used interchangeably ”就是祝福和祝謝“blessing and thanksgiving”這兩個字可以交替來使用的;“and thanksgiving combined。”就是祝福和感恩是連線在一起的。“The cup of thanksgiving and blessing is the consecrated cup。”感恩和祝謝的杯,就是分別為聖的杯了。

好,這裡有四個名稱:“主餐”(主的餐桌)、“掰餅”、和“感恩”。

本章的D。第四部分、D部分:聖餐的設立。“Institution of the Lord‘s Supper。”

1。  Different Accounts of the Institution。聖經對設立聖餐的不同的記載。

“There are four different accounts of the institution of the Lord’s Supper, ”聖經裡面有四次的記載著主耶穌設立聖餐,“one in each of the Synoptics, ”就是在馬太、馬可、路加三個符類福音,“and one in I Cor。 11。”第四個在哥林多前書第十一章。

“ John speaks of the eating of the passover,”約翰福音說道,吃逾越節的晚餐,“but does not mention theinstitution of a new sacrament。”但是沒有提到基督設立一個新的聖禮。“These accounts are independent of, and serve to complement, one another。 ”福音書裡的記載是獨立的,就是說它不是抄,一個抄另外一個的;是相輔相成的。

“Evidently, the Lord did not finish the passover meal before He instituted the Lord‘s Supper。”很明顯的,主耶穌祂還沒有吃完逾越節的晚餐,祂就設立了主餐了。“The new sacrament was linked up with the central element in the paschal meal。”新的聖禮,主餐是與逾越節的晚餐最忠心的要素,連在一起的。“The bread that was eaten withthe lamb was consecrated to a new use。”就是和羊肉一起吃的餅,現在分別為聖做個新的用途。

“This is evident from the factthat the third cup, generally called “the cup of blessing” was used for the second element in the new sacrament。”這是很明顯的。另外一件事就是,逾越節晚餐第三個酒杯的第三次的……一共有四次哦;第三次喝酒那個杯,一般稱為祝謝的杯,現在用來做新的聖禮,主餐的第二個要素。“Thus the sacrament ofthe Old Testament passed into that of the New in a most natural way。”所以,用最自然的方法,舊約時期的聖禮,現在就轉移到新約時期的聖禮了。

2。The Substitution of Bread forthe Lamb。用餅來代替羊、羊肉。

“The paschal lamb had symbolical significance。”逾越節的羔羊是有象徵性的意義的。“Like all the bloody sacrifices of the Old Testament,it taught the people”逾越節的羔羊,和所有舊約流血的獻祭一樣,教導著上帝的子民,“that the shedding of blood wasnecessary unto the remission of sins。”教導他們知道,必須要流血才有罪得赦免。

“ In addition to that ”不但如此,“it had a typical meaning,”逾越節的羔羊,還有著預表性的意義,“ it had a typical meaning, pointing forward to the great sacrifice which would be brought in the fullness of timeto take away the sin of the world。”就是指向將要來的,偉大的獻祭;就是在時候滿的時候,除去世人罪孽的羔羊的獻上。“And, finally, it also had national significance”最後逾越節的羔羊,也是對以色列這個國家有它的重要性。“as a memorial of Israel’sdeliverance。”作為紀念以色列被救出來。

“It was but natural that, whenthe real Lamb of God made His appearance and was on the point of being slain,the symbol and type should disappear。 ”很自然的,當上帝的真正的羔羊顯現,也快要被宰殺的時候,象徵和預表就必須消失了。“The all-sufficient sacrificeof Jesus Christ rendered all further shedding of blood unnecessary;”主耶穌基督獻上祂自己,是完全的完備的。因此,讓所有以後再次地流血,成為不需要了。“ The all-sufficient sacrificeof Jesus Christ rendered all further shedding of blood unnecessary; and therefore it was entirely fitting that the bloody element should make wayfor an unbloody one”所以,這個流血的獻祭裡的元素,就成為過去,現在用的是一個不流血的,就是餅!這是非常恰當的。

“which, like it, had nourishingproperties。”這個餅和羊肉一樣,是有滋潤人的性質的。“Moreover,through the death of Christ the middle wall of partition was broken down, ”不但如此,因為主耶穌的死的緣故,在中間割禮的牆就被破碎了,“and the blessings of salvationwere extended to all the world。 ”救恩的福澤,現在延伸到全世界各地。“And in view of this it was quite naturalthat the passover, a symbol with a national flavor, should be replaced by onethat carried with it no implications of nationalism。”既然是如此,就是猶太人跟外邦人的牆已經拆毀了;所以,很自然的,逾越節這個有國家性的味道的象徵,現在是要取代了;取代的是一個沒有國家主義、含義的一個的筵席。

3。Significanceof the DifferentActionsand Terms。聖餐中不同的行

動和用語的意義。

A。   Symbolic actions。聖餐中象徵性的行動。

“All the accounts of the institution of the Lord‘s Supper make mention of the breaking of the bread,”所有設立聖餐的記載,都提到擘餅,“andJesus clearly indicates that this was intended to symbolize the breaking of Hisbody for the redemption of sinners。”。耶穌清楚地指出,擘餅的意義就是象徵著,祂的身體掰開為救贖罪人。“Because Jesus broke the bread in the presence of His disciples,”因為耶穌是在祂的門徒的面前擘餅的,“ Protestant theology generallyinsists on it that this action should always take place in the sight of thepeople。”因此基督新教,基督教的神學一般都堅持這個動作,擘餅這個動作必須要在會眾的面前做出;就是不在簾子的後面,或者幕後去做,就像早期教會,到了第四第五世紀的時候所做的,不是的!要在會眾面前做。

“This important transaction wasintended to be a sign, ”因為這個很重要的行動,是一個記號,“and asign must be visible。”一個記號必須只能見的記號。“Afterdistributing the bread,”把餅分給門徒之後,“Jesus took the cup,”耶穌拿起杯來,“blessedit, ”祝謝了,“and gave it to His disciples。”就分給祂的門徒。“It does not appear that He poured thewine in their presence,”耶穌在門徒的面前倒酒,“and therefore this is not regarded as essential to the celebrationof the Lord’s Supper。”因此,倒酒就不是守聖餐的,必須要做的一個動作。

“Dr。 Wielinga infers, however, fromthe fact that the bread must be broken, that the wine must also be poured, inthe sight of the communicants。”但是,一位荷蘭的“Dr。Wielinga”博士,他做這個推論,他說,既然餅必須掰開在會眾面前;那麼,酒也必須在會眾面前倒出。“Jesus naturally used unleavened bread,”耶穌很自然地用無酵餅,“ sinceit was the only kind at hand,”因為,當時只有無酵餅在身邊,“andthe ordinary wine which was largely used as a beverage in Palestine。”用的就是巴勒斯坦一般用的酒。

“But neither the one nor the other isstressed, ”所以,但是不

論餅和酒,都沒有特別強調什麼餅、什麼酒,“andtherefore it does not follow that it would not be permissible to use leavenedbread and some other kind of wine。”因此,我們沒有這個許可,堅持著一定要用無酵餅,不可用發過酵的餅;一定要用巴勒斯坦的酒,我們沒有這種堅持的允許的。

“The disciples undoubtedly receivedthe elements in a reclining position,”毫無疑問的,門徒們領餅和酒的時候,是躺臥著這個姿態的;因為,那個是吃飯的那個姿勢,“ butthis does not mean that believers may not partake of them in a sitting,kneeling, or standing, position。”但是,這不等於說,基督不可以坐著、跪著,或者站著領餅和領杯。

B。Wordsof Command。聖餐中命令的話。

“Jesus accompanied His action withwords of command。”耶穌除了擘餅、分酒以外,耶穌也說了命令的話。“When He gave the bread to His disciples, He said, “Take,eat。””當祂把餅分給門徒的時候,祂說,拿著吃。“And in issuing this command He undoubtedly had in mind, not merely aphysical eating, but a spiritual appropriation of the body of Christ by faith。”當耶穌這樣吩咐的時候,毫無疑問的,祂的意思不單單是要吃這個物質上的餅,而且在靈裡面,藉著信心領受、支配、領受基督的身體。

“It is a command which, though it camefirst of all to the apostles, was intended for the Church of all ages。”耶穌這個吩咐,雖然第一次是給使徒們的;但是,耶穌的用意是給世世代代的教會的。“According toLuke 22:19”根據路加福音二十二章第19節(comp。 I Cor。 11:24),比較哥林多前書第十一章24節the Lord added thewords: “This do in remembrance of me。” 主耶穌加了這句話,你們這樣做為的是紀念我。“Some infer from these words that the Supper instituted by Jesus was nothing more than a memorialmeal。”有些神學家從這句話:“你們是為了是紀念我”就推論說,耶穌所設立的主餐,只不過是紀念祂的一個的晚餐。

“It is quite evident,however, especially from John 6:32,33,50,51;I Cor。11:26-30, that it was intended to be far more than that;”但是,從經文約翰福音六章32節、33節、50節、51節,和哥林多前書十一章26到30節,很明顯的,耶穌的用意,不單單是讓我們紀念祂。這些經文說:人若吃這糧,就必永遠活著。我要吃,吃的糧就是我的肉,是世人之生命!是為世人之生命所賜吃的。耶穌說,我所要吃的糧,就是我的肉,是為世人的生命所賜的。不僅僅是紀念!

“and in so far as it had memorialsignificance, it was intended as amemorial of the sacrificial work of Christ rather than of His person。”而當我們說,這個是紀念的時候,不單單是紀念祂,是紀念基督獻上自己的救贖大功。“There was another word of command in connection with the cup。”當主耶穌分杯的時候,有另外一次的命令式的說話,“After distributing the bread ”當主耶穌分餅之後“the Lord also took the cup, gavethanks,and said, ”主耶穌也拿起杯來祝謝了,就說“Drinkye all of it,” or (according to Luke),路加福音說,你們要喝這杯,全部的杯,“Takethis and divide it among yourselves。”或者拿這個來,你們彼此分這個杯。

“It is quite clear that the cup herestands for what it contains,”很明顯的,杯這裡就是代表著,杯所容納的酒,“for the cup could not be divided。”這個杯子不能夠把它擘開。“From these words it is perfectly evident that”從耶穌所講這句話,的很明顯的“the Lord intended the Sacrament to be used in both kinds ”基督用意就是,守聖餐的時候,餅要領,杯也要領“andthat Rome is wrong in withholdingthe cup from the laity。 ”而羅馬天主教的錯誤就是,不讓平信徒領杯,只可以領餅。

“The use of both elements enabled Christ to give a vivid representation of the idea that His body was broken, that flesh and blood were separated, and that the sacrament both nourishes and quickens the soul。”當教會讓信徒們領餅也領杯的時候,這樣子我們看到耶穌基督,給我們一副很活潑的生動的圖畫,祂的身體掰開,肉和血是分開的。聖餐,一方面滋潤靈魂,也是靈魂在甦醒,就是賜生命給信徒。

C。Wordsof Explanation。聖餐中解釋的話。

首先,關於餅。

“The word of command in connectionwith the bread is immediately followed by a word of explanation,”關於餅的命令的話之後,耶穌說了一個解釋的話,“which has given rise to sharp disputes,”關於這句話,神學上有非常強烈的爭辯,namely,“This is my body。” 就是這是我的身體。“ These words have been interpreted in various ways。”“這是我的身體”這句話有各種不同的解釋。下面我們有四種的解釋:

(1)TheBread is Now Becoming My Body。這個餅現在變成我的身體。

“The Church of Rome makes the copula“is” emphatic。 ”羅馬天主教的認為,這是我的身體的“是”,是非常重要的。“Jesus meant to say that what He held in His hand was really Hisbody, ”耶穌的意思就是說,祂要說祂手中所拿的餅,真正是祂的身體。“though it looked and tasted like bread。”雖然看起來是餅,嚐起來也是餅。“Butthis is a thoroughly untenable position。”但是這個立場是完全站不住腳的。

“In all probability Jesus spoke Aramaic ”耶穌大概是在講亞蘭話”andused no copula at all。” “is”(是)這個字根本不存在的,在這句話裡面。“Andwhile He stood before the disciples in the body,”當祂站在……,祂的身體就站在門徒的面前的時候,“He could not very wellsay to His disciples in all seriousness that He held His body in His hand。”當祂的身體站在門徒面前的時候,祂不可能很認真地對祂的門徒們說,祂將祂的身體拿在祂的手中“Moreover,”不但如此,“even on the Roman Catholic view,”就算我們接受羅馬天主教的立場“Hecould not truthfully say, ”祂不可能說“Thisis my body,”這是我的身體,butcould only say, “This is now becoming my body。”耶穌只可能說,這個餅現在變成我的身體。

(2)對“這是我的身體”第二個解釋。The Bread is Pointed

to MyBody。這餅指向我的身體。

“Carlstadt held the novel view”(Carlstadt”是馬丁路德一位的同工)“他有一個很特別的奇怪的觀點“that Jesus, when He spoke these words, pointed toHis body。”當耶穌說,這是我的身體的時候,耶穌的手是指向祂的身體的。“He argued that the neuter touto could not refer toartos, which is masculine。”祂說這四個字,“這是”這幾個字是中性的,不可能用來指身體,那個是陽性的。

下面是伯克富的批判:“But bread can very well be conceived of as a thing”但是我們可以想到,餅是一個東西,是個物件“and thus referred to as neuter。”因此是用中性。“Moreover, such a statement would have been rather inane under the circumstances。”不但如此,耶穌假如說,這是我的身體,指向我的身體,好像是很愚蠢的。

(3)My Body is In, Under, and Along With the Bread。我的身體是在餅裡面,在餅的下面,在餅的旁邊。

“Luther and the Lutherans”馬丁路德跟路德宗的神學家“also stress the word “is”, ”他們也強調,這是我的身體,這個“是”字,“though they admit that Jesus was speakingfiguratively。”雖然,他們承認耶穌是喻意性的講“這是我的身體”。“According to them the figure was not a metaphor,but a synecdoche。”根據馬丁路德跟路德宗的人士,這個的喻意不是個暗喻“metaphor”,是個“替喻”(timepoint)(22:23);“替”就是個別的代替群體、整體!

“The Lord simply meant to say to His disciples: ”主耶穌對門徒要講的,祂的意思就是說“Where you have the bread, you have my body in,under, and along with it,”當你有餅的時候,你在餅的裡面、下面跟旁邊,就有我的身體了,“though the substance of both remains distinct。”雖然,餅的本質就不是我的身體,我的身體的本質就不是餅;但是,你在餅的裡面、下面、旁邊,都有著我的身體。

“This view is burdenedwith the impossible doctrine of the omnipresence of the Lord‘s physical body。”下面是伯克富的批判。祂說……,馬丁路德這個的觀點,有一個難題不能解決的。就是說,基督的肉體的身體,不可能是無所不在的。

下一講,我們繼續講第四個觀點:“這是我的身體”,加爾文和改革宗的立場;下面還有關於杯的解釋。

教會論_73 聖餐(續)

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